By performing 4D Flow MRI, it is possible to diagnose that the cause of hemolytic anemia is the kinking of the prosthetic graft at the ascending aorta after total aortic arch replacement. Hemolytic anemia due to the kinking of artificial blood vessels is rare. Still, it is a severe complication and often requires reoperation. From this report, it is expected that adding comprehensive hemodynamic evaluation by using 4D Flow MRI could give useful clinical.

Wataru Uchida, Yoshiyuki Tokuda, Yasuo Takehara, Akihiko Usui, "Mechanical haemolytic anaemia assessed with four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance", European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , 56 (2019) 813–814.